![Map_3. Nevada Test Site underground nuclear explosions according to years. Created by Neyran Turan in Arc-Map GIS according to the announced longitude and latitude data compiled from US Department of Energy Nevada Operations Office, United States Nuclear Tests: July 1945 through September 1992, [DOE/NV—209 (Rev. 15), December 2000], and “The Official List of Underground Nuclear Explosions” (UNEs) in Nevada from Sandia National Laboratories (July 1994), http://nuketesting.enviroweb.org/hew/Usa/Tests/Nevada.html.](https://d33dlv5jzgs7pp.cloudfront.net/api/file/lNIsTlkWSOe90cQvTwH1/convert?fit=clip&format=jpg&h=&quality=75&w=408&compress=true&fit=clip)
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Earthmoving trucks rearrange tons of the desert substrate, preparing the ground for the new cities. The Royal Commission for Jubail and Yanbu, Madinat Al-Jubail Al-Sinaiyah: Mokhtat Al- Mantikah Al-Sakaniyah (Riyadh: the Royal Commission, 1978).