![From left] Harlan Cleveland, Paul Ehrlich, and George Mitchell at the Third Woodlands Conference, 1979. Schmandt, v.](https://d33dlv5jzgs7pp.cloudfront.net/api/file/jgmEsR1zToCmPLEZ2gQq/convert?fit=max&format=jpg&h=&quality=95&w=408&compress=true&fit=max)
Student Work
Expansions of the Holy Mosque from 638 to 1979. Source: Ministry of Finance in Saudi Arabia.
Cross section taken through the clock tower, plaza, and Holy Mosque revealing the Kaaba. The stepped building on the right represents the new extension of the mosque. Sketch reveals scale difference, with Kaaba almost completely dwarfed in relation to the tower. Original section and images obtained from AA Jeddah program in 2014. Rendered section by author.
Collage of Holy Mosque and expansions surrounding it. Far left shows the construction work taking place on the King Abdullah expansion of the Holy mosque from the roof. Center shows the Abraj Al Bait Clock tower. Right reveals other hotel complexes including the Jabal Omar Development. Images and Collage by author. January 2019.
Rendered image revealing the location of the Skies of Ejabah Development northeast of the Holy Mosque. Other developments in the render such as the Rou’a Al Haramein and Abraj Al Bait complex.
Night render from Skies of Ejabah Towers of people overlooking the central district of Mecca. The Abraj Al Bait tower is revealed in a distance. Images courtesy of Gensler Website.
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Title
What is the Time in Mecca? Clock Towers and the Transformation of the Temporal Culture in Mecca, Saudi Arabia.
Project Description
The Abraj Al Bait clock tower—completed across the Holy Mosque’s southern plaza in 2011 and currently the tallest clock tower in the world—has marked its territory in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. Beyond being a public tool for time-keeping, the clock tower, originating in Europe, has historically also served as a medium asserting and subverting different forms of power—whether governmental or institutional. Similarly, the Abraj Al Bait clock tower has been used as a form of soft power by the Saudi government in the past decade. This research examines the means through which Saudi Arabia intertwines its national, religious and global identities through the Abraj Al Bait clock tower as a means of asserting itself economically and geopolitically within a globalized network. The three constituent elements comprising this investigation include looking at the clock tower as an architectural monument, a political technology and a catalyst for urban development within the Holy city.
The first chapter introduces the Abraj Al Bait clock tower, and examines its design and patronage, shedding light on the transnational and local entities involved. From an architectural perspective, a closer analysis is placed on the clock tower not being a part of the original design proposal for the tower complex. The addition of the clock component to the tower plays an important role in transforming the tower into a landmark within the Holy city. Next, a deeper historical contextualization of clock tower construction in Mecca reveals that the Abraj Al Bait is not the first, but rather the third clock tower constructed in Mecca in the last century. The second chapter offers an investigation of the clock tower as a political technology used to legitimize Saudi Arabian governance since the inception of the nation state. I finally examine the clock tower, not for what it symbolizes but rather for its operation as a real estate development intended as an economic catalyst in the Holy city. I use Vision 2030 as a temporal marker to analyze the role the Abraj al Bait clock tower plays in attracting such expansions. Through my investigation of the clock tower as an architectural monument, political technology and catalyst for urban development, I argue for the importance of the role the clock tower has played over the last century as a politically and economically legitimating symbol for the Saudi state.